ii
without
any warranty merchantability fitness for
a particular purpose
Thank you!
<partl@mail.boku.ac.at>
Zentraler Informatikdienst der Universität für Bodenkultur Wien
<Irene.Hyna@bmwf.ac.at>
Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung Wien
<noemail>
in Graz
ε
CTAN://info/lshort/german
iv Thank you!
https://github.com/oetiker/lshort
Preface
ε
Chapter 1
ε
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
vi Preface
Local Guide
not
http://www.ctan.org
CTAN:
CTAN://systems
<tobi@oetiker.ch>
CTAN://info/lshort
Contents
Thank you! iii
Preface v
1 Things You Need to Know 1
2 Typesetting Text 15
viii CONTENTS
∼
◦
e
3 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae 43
A
M
S
CONTENTS ix
4 Specialities 73
5 Producing Mathematical Graphics 89
picture
\multiput \linethickness
6 Customising L
A
T
E
X 103
x CONTENTS
A Installing L
A
T
E
X 121
Bibliography 125
Index 128
List of Figures
test.png
fancyhdr
beamer
List of Tables
graphicx
A
M
S
A
M
S
A
M
S
A
M
S
A
M
S
A
M
S
A
M
S
Chapter 1
Things You Need to Know
The first part of this chapter presents a short overview of the philosophy and
history of L
A
T
E
X 2
ε
. The second part focuses on the basic structures of a L
A
T
E
X
document. After reading this chapter, you should have a rough knowledge of
how L
A
T
E
X works, which you will need to understand the rest of this book.
1.1 A Bit of History
1.1.1 T
E
X
π 3.141592653
TeX
I do not get angry when people pronounce T
E
X in their favorite way
… and in Germany many use a soft ch because the X follows the vowel e, not the harder ch
that follows the vowel a. In Russia, ‘tex’ is a very common word, pronounced ‘tyekh’. But I
believe the most proper pronunciation is heard in Greece, where you have the harsher ch of
ach and Loch.
2 Things You Need to Know
1.1.2 L
A
T
E
X
LaTeX
ε
LaTeX2e
1.2 Basics
1.2.1 Author, Book Designer, and Typesetter
MS Word LibreOffice
1.2.2 Layout Design
1.2 Basics 3
logical
1.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages
The L
A
T
E
X Companion
4 Things You Need to Know
ε
;-)
1.3 L
A
T
E
X Input Files
1.3.1 Spaces
Several consecutive
one
Several one
It does not matter whether you
enter one or several spaces
after a word.
An empty line starts a new
paragraph.
1.3 L
A
T
E
X Input Files 5
1.3.2 Special Characters
# $ % ^ & _ { } ~ \
\# \$ \% \^{} \& \_ \{ \} \~{}
\textbackslash
not
\\
\textbackslash
1.3.3 L
A
T
E
X Commands
\
{}
{}
New \TeX users may miss whitespaces
after a command. % renders wrong
Experienced \TeX{} users are
\TeX perts, and know how to use
whitespaces. % renders correct
{ }
6 Things You Need to Know
[ ]
\command[optional parameter]{parameter}
You can \textsl{lean} on me!
lean
Please, start a new line
right here!\newline
Thank you!
1.3.4 Comments
%
This is an % stupid
% Better: instructive <----
example: Supercal%
ifragilist%
icexpialidocious
%
comment
verbatim \usepackage{verbatim}
This is another
\begin{comment}
rather stupid,
but helpful
\end{comment}
example for embedding
comments in your document.
1.4 Input File Structure 7
1.4 Input File Structure
ε
\documentclass{...}
\usepackage{...}
\begin{document}
\end{document}
ε
1.5 A Typical Command Line Session
\documentclass \begin{document} preamble
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
Small is beautiful.
\end{document}
8 Things You Need to Know
Plain Text
.tex
cd
.pdf
ctrl-D
xelatex foo.tex
;-)
\documentclass[a4paper,11pt]{article}
% define the title
\author{H.~Partl}
\title{Minimalism}
\begin{document}
% generates the title
\maketitle
% insert the table of contents
\tableofcontents
\section{Some Interesting Words}
Well, and here begins my lovely article.
\section{Good Bye World}
\ldots{} and here it ends.
\end{document}
1.6 The Layout of the Document 9
1.6 The Layout of the Document
1.6.1 Document Classes
\documentclass
\documentclass[options]{class}
class
ε
options
\documentclass[11pt,twoside,a4paper]{article}
article
eleven points double sided
A4 paper
article
proc
minimal
report
book
slides
10 Things You Need to Know
10pt 11pt 12pt
10pt
a4paper letterpaper
letterpaper a5paper b5paper executivepaper
legalpaper
fleqn
leqno
titlepage notitlepage
article
report book
onecolumn twocolumn
twoside, oneside
article report
book
twoside
not
landscape
openright, openany
article report
book
1.7 Files You Might Encounter 11
1.6.2 Packages
\usepackage[options]{package}
package options
\usepackage
ε
Local Guide
The L
A
T
E
X Companion
ε
texdoc
1.6.3 Page Styles
style
\pagestyle{style}
\thispagestyle{style}
The L
A
T
E
X Companion
1.7 Files You Might Encounter
12 Things You Need to Know
doc
doc.dtx
a
The L
A
T
E
X Companion
exscale
ltexscale.dtx
fontenc
ltoutenc.dtx
ifthen
ifthen.dtx The L
A
T
E
X Companion
latexsym
latexsym
latexsym.dtx The L
A
T
E
X Companion
makeidx
The L
A
T
E
X Companion
syntonly
inputenc
inputenc.dtx
a
dvi
latex doc.dtx
plain
headings
empty
1.7 Files You Might Encounter 13
.tex
latex
.sty
\usepackage
.dtx
.ins
.cls
\documentclass
.fd
.dvi
dvips
.log
.toc
.lof
.lot
.aux
.idx
makeindex
.ind
.ilg makeindex
14 Things You Need to Know
1.8 Big Projects
\include{filename}
filename.tex
filename.tex
\include
\includeonly{filename,filename,}
\include
\includeonly
\include
\includeonly
\input{filename}
syntonly
\usepackage{syntonly}
\syntaxonly
Chapter 2
Typesetting Text
After reading the previous chapter, you should know about the basic stuff of
which a L
A
T
E
X 2
ε
document is made. In this chapter I will fill in the remaining
structure you will need to know in order to produce real world material.
2.1 The Structure of Text and Language
<hanspi@schmid-werren.ch>
\\
16 Typesetting Text
% Example 1
\ldots when Einstein introduced his formula
\begin{equation}
e = m \cdot c^2 \; ,
\end{equation}
which is at the same time the most widely known
and the least well understood physical formula.
% Example 2
\ldots from which follows Kirchhoff's current law:
\begin{equation}
\sum_{k=1}^{n} I_k = 0 \; .
\end{equation}
Kirchhoff's voltage law can be derived \ldots
% Example 3
\ldots which has several advantages.
\begin{equation}
I_D = I_F - I_R
\end{equation}
is the core of a very different transistor model. \ldots
2.2 Line Breaking and Page Breaking 17
\section{The Structure
of Text and Language}
2.2 Line Breaking and Page Breaking
2.2.1 Justified Paragraphs
\\ \newline
\\*
\newpage
\linebreak[n] \nolinebreak[n] \pagebreak[n] \nopagebreak[n]
n
n
18 Typesetting Text
\sloppy
\fussy
2.2.2 Hyphenation
\hyphenation{word list}
-
\begin{document}
polyglossia
polyglossia
\hyphenation{FORTRAN Hy-phen-a-tion}
\-
Overfull \hbox
draft
\documentclass
2.3 Ready-Made Strings 19
I think this is: su\-per\-cal\-%
i\-frag\-i\-lis\-tic\-ex\-pi\-%
al\-i\-do\-cious
\mbox{text}
My phone number will change soon.
It will be \mbox{0116 291 2319}.
The parameter
\mbox{\emph{filename}} should
contain the name of the file.
filename
\fbox \mbox
2.3 Ready-Made Strings
\today
\TeX
\LaTeX
\LaTeXe
ε
2.4 Special Characters and Symbols
2.4.1 Quotation Marks
not "
``Please press the `x' key.''
20 Typesetting Text
2.4.2 Dashes and Hyphens
daughter-in-law, X-rated\\
pages 13--67\\
yes---or no? \\
$0$, $1$ and $-1$
0 1 −1
−
2.4.3 Tilde (∼)
\~{}
http://www.rich.edu/\~{}bush \\
http://www.clever.edu/$\sim$demo
∼
2.4.4 Slash (/)
read/write
\slash read\slash write
/
5 MB/s
2.4.5 Degree Symbol (◦)
It's $-30\,^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$.
I will soon start to
super-conduct.
−30
◦
2.4 Special Characters and Symbols 21
textcomp \textdegree
\textcelsius
30 \textcelsius{} is
86 \textdegree{}F.
2.4.6 The Euro Currency Symbol (e)
textcomp
\usepackage{textcomp}
\texteuro
eurosym
\usepackage[official]{eurosym}
gen
official
\texteuro € €
\euro e e e
[] \euro A AC AC
2.4.7 Ellipsis (…)
22 Typesetting Text
\ldots
Not like this ... but like this:\\
New York, Tokyo, Budapest, \ldots
2.4.8 Ligatures
\mbox{}
\Large Not shelfful\\
but shelf\mbox{}ful
2.4.9 Accents and Special Characters
\i \j
H\^otel, na\"\i ve, \'el\`eve,\\
sm\o rrebr\o d, !`Se\~norita!,\\
Sch\"onbrunner Schlo\ss{}
Stra\ss e
2.5 International Language Support
<A.Kielhorn@web.de>
2.5 International Language Support 23
polyglossia babel
fontspec
2.5.1 Polyglossia Usage
\`o \'o \^o \~o
\=o \.o \"o \c c
\u o \v o \H o \c o
\d o
\b o
\t oo
\oe \OE \ae \AE
\aa \AA
\o \O \l \L
\i ȷ \j !` ?`
24 Typesetting Text
csquotes
before
\usepackage[autostyle=true]{csquotes}
\setdefaultlanguage{english}
\setotherlanguage{german}
English text.
\begin{german}
Deutscher \enquote{Text}.
\end{german}
More English \enquote{text}.
\textlanguage
Did you know that
\textgerman{Gesundheit} is
actually a German word.
\usepackage{iftex}
\ifXeTeX
\usepackage{fontspec}
\else
\usepackage{luatextra}
\fi
\defaultfontfeatures{Ligatures=TeX}
\usepackage{polyglossia}
2.5 International Language Support 25
polyglossia
\setmainfont{CMU Serif}
\setsansfont{CMU Sans Serif}
\setmonofont{CMU Typewriter Text}
\setmainfont{cmun}[
Extension=.otf,UprightFont=*rm,ItalicFont=*ti,
BoldFont=*bx,BoldItalicFont=*bi,
]
\setsansfont{cmun}[
Extension=.otf,UprightFont=*ss,ItalicFont=*si,
BoldFont=*sx,BoldItalicFont=*so,
]
\setmonofont{cmun}[
Extension=.otf,UprightFont=*btl,ItalicFont=*bto,
BoldFont=*tb,BoldItalicFont=*tx,
]
\textrussian{Правда} is
a russian newspaper.
\textgreek{ἀλήθεια} is truth
or disclosure in philosophy
xgreek
Right to Left (RTL) languages.
polyglossia bidi
bidi hyperref
polyglossia bidi
polyglossia
bidi
26 Typesetting Text
xepersian
\section
xepersian
http://www.scict.ir/Portal/Home/Default.aspx
arabxetex
http://wiki.irmug.org/index.php/X_Series_2
polyglossia
http://www.sbl-site.org/educational/
biblicalfonts.aspx
http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_
software.asp?id=76
\newfontfamily\hebrewfont[Script=Hebrew]{SBL Hebrew}
\newfontfamily\hebrewfont[Script=Hebrew]{Ezra SIL}
2.6 The Space Between Words 27
Chinese, Japanese and Korean (CJK)
xeCJK
2.6 The Space Between Words
~
\@
Mr.~Smith was happy to see her\\
cf.~Fig.~5\\
I like BASIC\@. What about you?
\frenchspacing
not
\frenchspacing \@
2.7 Titles, Chapters, and Sections
28 Typesetting Text
article
\section{...}
\subsection{...}
\subsubsection{...}
\paragraph{...}
\subparagraph{...}
\part{...}
report book
\chapter{...}
article
\part
\appendix
\tableofcontents
*
\section{Help}
\section*{Help}
2.7 Titles, Chapters, and Sections 29
\chapter[Title for the table of contents]{A long
and especially boring title, shown in the text}
\maketitle
\title{...} \author{...} \date{...}
\maketitle \author
\and
ε
book
\frontmatter
\begin{document}
\chapter*{Preface}
\mainmatter
\appendix
\backmatter
30 Typesetting Text
2.8 Cross References
\label{marker} \ref{marker} \pageref{marker}
marker
\ref
\label \pageref
\label
A reference to this subsection
\label{sec:this} looks like:
``see section~\ref{sec:this} on
page~\pageref{sec:this}.''
2.9 Footnotes
\footnote{footnote text}
Footnotes\footnote{This is
a footnote.} are often used
by people using \LaTeX.
a
a
\label
2.10 Emphasized Words 31
2.10 Emphasized Words
emphasized by
underlining them.
\underline{text}
italic
\emph{text}
\emph{If you use
emphasizing inside a piece
of emphasized text, then
\LaTeX{} uses the
\emph{normal} font for
emphasizing.}
If you use emphasizing inside a piece of
emphasized text, then L
A
T
E
X uses the
font for emphasizing.
2.11 Environments
\begin{environment} text \end{environment}
environment
\begin{aaa}...\begin{bbb}...\end{bbb}...\end{aaa}
2.11.1 Itemize, Enumerate, and Description
itemize enumerate
description
32 Typesetting Text
\flushleft
\begin{enumerate}
\item You can nest the list
environments to your taste:
\begin{itemize}
\item But it might start to
look silly.
\item[-] With a dash.
\end{itemize}
\item Therefore remember:
\begin{description}
\item[Stupid] things will not
become smart because they are
in a list.
\item[Smart] things, though,
can be presented beautifully
in a list.
\end{description}
\end{enumerate}
Stupid
Smart
2.11.2 Flushleft, Flushright, and Center
flushleft flushright
center
\\
\begin{flushleft}
This text is\\ left-aligned.
\LaTeX{} is not trying to make
each line the same length.
\end{flushleft}
\begin{flushright}
This text is right-\\aligned.
\LaTeX{} is not trying to make
each line the same length.
\end{flushright}
\begin{center}
At the centre\\of the earth
\end{center}
2.11 Environments 33
2.11.3 Quote, Quotation, and Verse
quote
A typographical rule of thumb
for the line length is:
\begin{quote}
On average, no line should
be longer than 66 characters.
\end{quote}
This is why \LaTeX{} pages have
such large borders by default
and also why multicolumn print
is used in newspapers.
quotation verse
quotation
verse
\\
I know only one English poem by
heart. It is about Humpty Dumpty.
\begin{flushleft}
\begin{verse}
Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall:\\
Humpty Dumpty had a great fall.\\
All the King's horses and all
the King's men\\
Couldn't put Humpty together
again.
\end{verse}
\end{flushleft}
2.11.4 Abstract
abstract
abstract
\begin{abstract}
The abstract abstract.
\end{abstract}
34 Typesetting Text
2.11.5 Printing Verbatim
\begin{verbatim} \end{verbatim}
\verb+text+
+
*
The \verb|\ldots| command \ldots
\begin{verbatim}
10 PRINT "HELLO WORLD ";
20 GOTO 10
\end{verbatim}
\ldots
10 PRINT "HELLO WORLD ";
20 GOTO 10
\begin{verbatim*}
the starred version of
the verbatim
environment emphasizes
the spaces in the text
\end{verbatim*}
the␣starred␣version␣of
the␣␣␣␣␣␣verbatim
environment␣emphasizes
the␣spaces␣␣␣in␣the␣text
\verb
\verb*|like this :-) |
like␣␣␣this␣:-)␣
verbatim \verb
2.11.6 Tabular
tabular
table spec
\begin{tabular}[pos]{table spec}
l
r c p{width}
2.11 Environments 35
|
p{width}
pos
t b c
tabular & \\
\hline
\cline{i-j} i j
\begin{tabular}{|r|l|}
\hline
7C0 & hexadecimal \\
3700 & octal \\ \cline{2-2}
11111000000 & binary \\
\hline \hline
1984 & decimal \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{|p{4.7cm}|}
\hline
Welcome to Boxy's paragraph.
We sincerely hope you'll
all enjoy the show.\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
@{...}
@{}
\begin{tabular}{@{} l @{}}
\hline
no leading space\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
36 Typesetting Text
\begin{tabular}{l}
\hline
leading space left and right\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
@{.} \begin{tabular}
&
\multicolumn
\begin{tabular}{c r @{.} l}
Pi expression &
\multicolumn{2}{c}{Value} \\
\hline
$\pi$ & 3&1416 \\
$\pi^{\pi}$ & 36&46 \\
$(\pi^{\pi})^{\pi}$ & 80662&7 \\
\end{tabular}
π
π
π
(π
π
)
π
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
\hline
\multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Ene} \\
\hline
Mene & Muh! \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
longtable
\arraystretch \tabcolsep
dcolumn
2.12 Including Graphics and Images 37
\begin{tabular}{|l|}
\hline
These lines\\\hline
are tight\\\hline
\end{tabular}
{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.5}
\renewcommand{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm}
\begin{tabular}{|l|}
\hline
less cramped\\\hline
table layout\\\hline
\end{tabular}}
\rule
\begin{tabular}{|c|}
\hline
\rule{1pt}{4ex}Pitprop \ldots\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{4ex}Strut\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
pt ex
booktabs
2.12 Including Graphics and Images
figure table
graphicx
CTAN://pkg/graphics
38 Typesetting Text
graphicx
width
height
angle
scale
\includegraphics[angle=90,width=\textwidth]{test.png}
test.png
epstopdf
graphicx
\usepackage{graphicx}
\includegraphics[keyvalue ]{file-name}
file
keys values keys
test.png first
then
1.0
2.13 Floating Bodies 39
2.13 Floating Bodies
figure table
\begin{figure}[placement specifier] \begin{table}[]
placement specifier
placement specifier
float-placing permissions
\begin{table}[!hbp]
[!hbp]
h b p
h here
t top
b bottom
p page
!
a
a
40 Typesetting Text
!
[tbp]
figures tables
table figure
\caption{caption text}
\listoffigures \listoftables
\tableofcontents
\caption
\caption[Short]{LLLLLoooooonnnnnggggg}
2.13 Floating Bodies 41
\label \ref
\label after \caption
Figure~\ref{white} is an example of Pop-Art.
\begin{figure}[!hbtp]
\includegraphics[angle=90,width=\textwidth]{white-box.pdf}
\caption{White Box by Peter Markus Paulian.\label{white}}
\end{figure}
really hard !
here h
bottom b
\clearpage \cleardoublepage
\cleardoublepage
Chapter 3
Typesetting Mathematical
Formulae
Now you are ready! In this chapter, we will attack the main strength of T
E
X:
mathematical typesetting. But be warned, this chapter only scratches the sur-
face. While the things explained here are sufficient for many people, don’t
despair if you can’t find a solution to your mathematical typesetting needs here.
It is highly likely that your problem is addressed in A
M
S-L
A
T
E
X.
3.1 The A
M
S-L
A
T
E
X bundle
A
M
S
A
M
S
amsmath
A
M
S
American Mathemat-
ical Society
A
M
S
unlimited
A
M
S
amsmath
\usepackage{amsmath}
3.2 Single Equations
text
style
display style within
$ $
CTAN://pkg/amslatex
44 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae
Add $a$ squared and $b$ squared
to get $c$ squared. Or, using
a more mathematical approach:
$a^2 + b^2 = c^2$
a b c
a
2
+ b
2
= c
2
\TeX{} is pronounced as
$\tau\epsilon\chi$\\[5pt]
100~m$^{3}$ of water\\[5pt]
This comes from my $\heartsuit$
τ χ
3
♡
display
\begin{equation}
\end{equation}
\label
\eqref
\tag
Add $a$ squared and $b$ squared
to get $c$ squared. Or, using
a more mathematical approach
\begin{equation}
a^2 + b^2 = c^2
\end{equation}
Einstein says
\begin{equation}
E = mc^2 \label{clever}
\end{equation}
He didn't say
\begin{equation}
1 + 1 = 3 \tag{dumb}
\end{equation}
This is a reference to
\eqref{clever}.
a b c
a
2
+ b
2
= c
2
E = mc
2
1 + 1 = 3
equation equation*
\[ \]
amsmath
displaymath
amsmath
equation
3.2 Single Equations 45
Add $a$ squared and $b$ squared
to get $c$ squared. Or, using
a more mathematical approach
\begin{equation*}
a^2 + b^2 = c^2
\end{equation*}
or you can type less for the
same effect:
\[ a^2 + b^2 = c^2 \]
a b c
a
2
+ b
2
= c
2
a
2
+ b
2
= c
2
\[
equation equation*
This is text style:
$\lim_{n \to \infty}
\sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{k^2}
= \frac{\pi^2}{6}$.
And this is display style:
\begin{equation}
\lim_{n \to \infty}
\sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{k^2}
= \frac{\pi^2}{6}
\end{equation}
n→∞
n
k=1
1
k
2
=
π
2
6
n→∞
n
k=1
1
k
2
=
π
2
6
\smash
A $d_{e_{e_p}}$ mathematical
expression followed by a
$h^{i^{g^h}}$ expression. As
opposed to a smashed
\smash{$d_{e_{e_p}}$} expression
followed by a
\smash{$h^{i^{g^h}}$} expression.
d
e
e
p
h
i
g
h
d
e
e
p
h
i
g
h
3.2.1 Math Mode
math mode text mode
math mode
\, \quad \qquad
46 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae
\text{...}
$\forall x \in \mathbf{R}:
\qquad x^{2} \geq 0$
∀x ∈ R : x
2
≥ 0
$x^{2} \geq 0\qquad
\text{for all }x\in\mathbf{R}$
x
2
≥ 0 x ∈ R
\mathbb amssymb
$x^{2} \geq 0\qquad
\text{for all } x
\in \mathbb{R}$
x
2
≥ 0 x ∈ R
3.3 Building Blocks of a Mathematical Formula
amsmath
Lowercase Greek letters \alpha \beta \gamma
\Gamma \Delta
$\lambda,\xi,\pi,\theta,
\mu,\Phi,\Omega,\Delta$
λ, ξ, π, θ, µ, Φ, Ω, ∆
Exponents, Superscripts and Subscripts
^ _
amssymb A
M
S
CTAN:/fonts/amsfonts/latex/
ε
3.3 Building Blocks of a Mathematical Formula 47
{...}
⊆ ⊥
$p^3_{ij} \qquad
m_\text{Knuth}\qquad
\sum_{k=1}^3 k \\[5pt]
a^x+y \neq a^{x+y}\qquad
e^{x^2} \neq {e^x}^2$
p
3
ij
m
3
k=1
k
a
x
+ y ̸= a
x+y
e
x
2
̸= e
x
2
square root \sqrt n
\sqrt[n]
\surd
→ ⇌
$\sqrt{x} \Leftrightarrow x^{1/2}
\quad \sqrt[3]{2}
\quad \sqrt{x^{2} + \sqrt{y}}
\quad \surd[x^2 + y^2]$
√
x ⇔ x
1/2
3
√
2
x
2
+
√
y
√
[x
2
+y
2
]
dot
\cdot \cdots dots
\ldots \vdots
\ddots
$\Psi = v_1 \cdot v_2
\cdot \ldots \qquad
n! = 1 \cdot 2
\cdots (n-1) \cdot n$
Ψ = v
1
·v
2
·. . . n! = 1 ·2 ···(n −1) ·n
\overline \underline horizontal lines
$0.\overline{3} =
\underline{\underline{1/3}}$
0.3 = 1/3
\overbrace \underbrace horizontal
braces
$\underbrace{\overbrace{a+b+c}^6
\cdot \overbrace{d+e+f}^7}
_\text{meaning of life} = 42$
6
a + b + c ·
7
d + e + f
= 42
48 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae
small arrows tilde
\widetilde
\widehat \hat \widehat
\bar '
$f(x) = x^2 \qquad f'(x)
= 2x \qquad f''(x) = 2\\[5pt]
\hat{XY} \quad \widehat{XY}
\quad \bar{x_0} \quad \bar{x}_0$
f(x) = x
2
f
′
(x) = 2x f
′′
(x) = 2
ˆ
XY
XY ¯x
0
¯x
0
Vectors
\vec
\overrightarrow \overleftarrow
A B
$\vec{a} \qquad
\vec{AB} \qquad
\overrightarrow{AB}$
a
AB
−−→
AB
\arccos \cos \csc \exp \ker \limsup
\arcsin \cosh \deg \gcd \lg \ln
\arctan \cot \det \hom \lim \log
\arg \coth \dim \inf \liminf \max
\sinh \sup \tan \tanh \min \Pr
\sec \sin
\begin{equation*}
\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}
\frac{\sin x}{x}=1
\end{equation*}
x→0
x
x
= 1
\DeclareMathOperator
%\DeclareMathOperator{\argh}{argh}
%\DeclareMathOperator*{\nut}{Nut}
\begin{equation*}
3\argh = 2\nut_{x=1}
\end{equation*}
3 = 2
x=1
3.3 Building Blocks of a Mathematical Formula 49
\bmod
a b \pmod x ≡ a ( b)
$a\bmod b \\
x\equiv a \pmod{b}$
a b
x ≡ a ( b)
fraction \frac{...}{...}
\tfrac
\dfrac 1/2
In display style:
\begin{equation*}
3/8 \qquad \frac{3}{8}
\qquad \tfrac{3}{8}
\end{equation*}
3/8
3
8
3
8
In text style:
$1\frac{1}{2}$~hours \qquad
$1\dfrac{1}{2}$~hours
1
1
2
1
1
2
\partial
\begin{equation*}
\sqrt{\frac{x^2}{k+1}}\qquad
x^\frac{2}{k+1}\qquad
\frac{\partial^2f}
{\partial x^2}
\end{equation*}
x
2
k + 1
x
2
k+1
∂
2
f
∂x
2
\binom amsmath
Pascal's rule is
\begin{equation*}
\binom{n}{k} =\binom{n-1}{k}
+ \binom{n-1}{k-1}
\end{equation*}
n
k
=
n − 1
k
+
n − 1
k −1
\stackrel{#1}{#2} #1
#2
\begin{equation*}
f_n(x) \stackrel{*}{\approx} 1
\end{equation*}
f
n
(x)
∗
≈ 1
50 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae
integral operator \int sum operator
\sum product operator \prod
^ _
\begin{equation*}
\sum_{i=1}^n \qquad
\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \qquad
\prod_\epsilon
\end{equation*}
n
i=1
π
2
0
ϵ
amsmath \substack
\begin{equation*}
\sum^n_{\substack{0<i<n \\
j\subseteq i}}
P(i,j) = Q(i,j)
\end{equation*}
n
0<i<n
j⊆i
P (i, j) = Q(i, j)
bracketing delim-
iters [ ⟨ ∥ ↕
\{
\updownarrow
\begin{equation*}
{a,b,c} \neq \{a,b,c\}
\end{equation*}
a, b, c ̸= {a, b, c}
\left \right
\left
\right \right.
\begin{equation*}
1 + \left(\frac{1}{1-x^{2}}
\right)^3 \qquad
\left. \ddagger \frac{~}{~}\right)
\end{equation*}
1 +
1
1 − x
2
3
‡
\big \Big
\bigg \Bigg
$\Big((x+1)(x-1)\Big)^{2}$\\
$\big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( \quad
\big\} \Big\} \bigg\} \Bigg\} \quad
\big\| \Big\| \bigg\| \Bigg\| \quad
\big\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow
\bigg\Downarrow \Bigg\Downarrow$
(x + 1)(x − 1)
2
3.4 Single Equations that are Too Long: multline 51
3.4 Single Equations that are Too Long:
multline
before
multline
\begin{multline}
a + b + c + d + e + f
+ g + h + i
\\
= j + k + l + m + n
\end{multline}
a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i
= j + k + l + m + n
equation
\\
equation* multline*
IEEEeqnarray
\begin{equation}
a = b + c + d + e + f
+ g + h + i + j
+ k + l + m + n + o + p
\label{eq:equation_too_long}
\end{equation}
a = b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m+n+o+p
multline amsmath
52 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae
multline
\begin{multline}
a = b + c + d + e + f
+ g + h + i + j \\
+ k + l + m + n + o + p
\end{multline}
a = b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i + j
+ k + l + m + n + o + p
k IEEEeqnarray
3.5 Multiple Equations
3.5.1 Problems with Traditional Commands
align
\begin{align}
a & = b + c \\
& = d + e
\end{align}
a = b + c
= d + e
\begin{align}
a & = b + c \\
& = d + e + f + g + h + i
+ j + k + l \nonumber \\
& + m + n + o \\
& = p + q + r + s
\end{align}
a = b + c
= d + e + f + g + h + i + j + k + l
+ m + n + o
= p + q + r + s
align
IEEEeqnarray
{rCl+rCl}
3.5 Multiple Equations 53
+ m d
\mathrel{\phantom{=}} \negmedspace {}
+m+n+o
eqnarray
\begin{eqnarray}
a & = & b + c \\
& = & d + e + f + g + h + i
+ j + k + l \nonumber \\
&& +\: m + n + o \\
& = & p + q + r + s
\end{eqnarray}
a = b + c
= d + e + f + g + h + i + j + k + l
+ m + n + o
= p + q + r + s
not multline
equation
\begin{eqnarray}
a & = & a = a
\end{eqnarray}
a = a = a
\begin{eqnarray}
a & = & b + c
\\
& = & d + e + f + g + h^2
+ i^2 + j
\label{eq:faultyeqnarray}
\end{eqnarray}
a = b + c
= d + e + f + g + h
2
+ i
2
+ j
\lefteqn
\begin{eqnarray}
\lefteqn{a + b + c + d
+ e + f + g + h}\nonumber\\
& = & i + j + k + l + m
\\
& = & n + o + p + q + r + s
\end{eqnarray}
a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h
= i + j + k + l + m
= n + o + p + q + r + s
54 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae
\begin{eqnarray}
\lefteqn{a + b + c + d
+ e + f + g + h}
\nonumber \\
& = & i + j
\end{eqnarray}
a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h
= i + j
3.5.2 IEEEeqnarray Environment
IEEEeqnarray
IEEEeqnarray
IEEEtrantools
\usepackage{IEEEtrantools}
IEEEeqnarray
columns {rCl}
i.e.
C
c
\begin{IEEEeqnarray}{rCl}
a & = & b + c
\\
& = & d + e + f + g + h
+ i + j + k \nonumber\\
&& \negmedspace {} + l + m + n + o
\\
& = & p + q + r + s
\end{IEEEeqnarray}
a = b + c
= d + e + f + g + h + i + j + k
+ l + m + n + o
= p + q + r + s
{c}
{rCll}
l c r L C R
s t u
. / ?
eqnarray
CTAN://macros/latex/contrib/IEEEtran/IEEEtran_
HOWTO.pdf IEEEeqnarray
IEEEtrantools
3.5 Multiple Equations 55
3.5.3 Common Usage
IEEEeqnarray
\IEEEeqnarraynumspace
\begin{IEEEeqnarray}{rCl}
a & = & b + c
\\
& = & d + e + f + g + h
+ i + j + k
\\
& = & l + m + n
\end{IEEEeqnarray}
a = b + c
= d + e + f + g + h + i + j + k
= l + m + n
\begin{IEEEeqnarray}{rCl}
a & = & b + c
\\
& = & d + e + f + g + h
+ i + j + k
\IEEEeqnarraynumspace\\
& = & l + m + n.
\end{IEEEeqnarray}
a = b + c
= d + e + f + g + h + i + j + k
= l + m + n.
\lefteqn
IEEEeqnarray \IEEEeqnarraymulticol
\begin{IEEEeqnarray}{rCl}
\IEEEeqnarraymulticol{3}{l}{
a + b + c + d + e + f
+ g + h
}\nonumber\\ \quad
& = & i + j
\\
& = & k + l + m
\end{IEEEeqnarray}
a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h
= i + j
= k + l + m
\multicolumns tabular
{3}
{l}
56 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae
\quad
e.g.
\begin{IEEEeqnarray}{rCl}
\IEEEeqnarraymulticol{3}{l}{
a + b + c + d + e + f
+ g + h
}\nonumber\\ \qquad\qquad
& = & i + j
\\
& = & k + l + m
\end{IEEEeqnarray}
a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h
= i + j
= k + l + m
+ −
{}
\begin{IEEEeqnarray}{rCl}
a & = & b + c
\\
& = & d + e + f + g + h
+ i + j + k \nonumber\\
&& + l + m + n + o
\\
& = & p + q + r + s
\end{IEEEeqnarray}
a = b + c
= d + e + f + g + h + i + j + k
+l + m + n + o
= p + q + r + s
\begin{IEEEeqnarray}{rCl}
a & = & b + c
\\
& = & d + e + f + g + h
+ i + j + k \nonumber\\
&& \negmedspace {} + l + m + n + o
\\
& = & p + q + r + s
\end{IEEEeqnarray}
a = b + c
= d + e + f + g + h + i + j + k
+ l + m + n + o
= p + q + r + s
+ l {} + l
+
{} +
\negmedspace
\nonumber \IEEEnonumber
\label{eq:...}
3.6 Arrays and Matrices 57
\\
\IEEEmulticol
\IEEEyesnumber
\begin{IEEEeqnarray*}{rCl}
a & = & b + c \\
& = & d + e \IEEEyesnumber\\
& = & f + g
\end{IEEEeqnarray*}
a = b + c
= d + e
= f + g
\IEEEyessubnumber
\begin{IEEEeqnarray}{rCl}
a & = & b + c
\IEEEyessubnumber\\
& = & d + e
\nonumber\\
& = & f + g
\IEEEyessubnumber
\end{IEEEeqnarray}
a = b + c
= d + e
= f + g
3.6 Arrays and Matrices
arrays array
tabular \\
\begin{equation*}
\mathbf{X} = \left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
x_1 & x_2 & \ldots \\
x_3 & x_4 & \ldots \\
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots
\end{array} \right)
\end{equation*}
X =
x
1
x
2
. . .
x
3
x
4
. . .
array
. \right
58 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae
\begin{equation*}
|x| = \left\{
\begin{array}{rl}
-x & \text{if } x < 0,\\
0 & \text{if } x = 0,\\
x & \text{if } x > 0.
\end{array} \right.
\end{equation*}
|x| =
−x x < 0,
0 x = 0,
x x > 0.
cases amsmath
\begin{equation*}
|x| =
\begin{cases}
-x & \text{if } x < 0,\\
0 & \text{if } x = 0,\\
x & \text{if } x > 0.
\end{cases}
\end{equation*}
|x| =
−x x < 0,
0 x = 0,
x x > 0.
array amsmath
matrix
matrix pmatrix ( bmatrix [ Bmatrix { vmatrix
| Vmatrix ∥
array
\begin{equation*}
\begin{matrix}
1 & 2 \\
3 & 4
\end{matrix} \qquad
\begin{bmatrix}
p_{11} & p_{12} & \ldots
& p_{1n} \\
p_{21} & p_{22} & \ldots
& p_{2n} \\
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots
& \vdots \\
p_{m1} & p_{m2} & \ldots
& p_{mn}
\end{bmatrix}
\end{equation*}
1 2
3 4
p
11
p
12
. . . p
1n
p
21
p
22
. . . p
2n
p
m1
p
m2
. . . p
mn
3.7 Spacing in Math Mode 59
3.7 Spacing in Math Mode
\,
3
18
\:
4
18
\;
5
18
\␣
\quad
\qquad \quad
\!
−
3
18
−
\begin{equation*}
\int_1^2 \ln x \mathrm{d}x
\qquad
\int_1^2 \ln x \,\mathrm{d}x
\end{equation*}
2
1
xx
2
1
x x
\ud
\newcommand
\newcommand{\ud}{\,\mathrm{d}}
\begin{equation*}
\int_a^b f(x)\ud x
\end{equation*}
b
a
f(x) x
\! ams-
math \iint
\iiint \iiiint \idotsint
\newcommand{\ud}{\,\mathrm{d}}
\begin{IEEEeqnarray*}{c}
\int\int f(x)g(y)
\ud x \ud y \\
\int\!\!\!\int
f(x)g(y) \ud x \ud y \\
\iint f(x)g(y) \ud x \ud y
\end{IEEEeqnarray*}
f(x)g(y) x y
f(x)g(y) x y
f(x)g(y) x y
testmath.tex A
M
S
The L
A
T
E
X Companion
60 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae
3.7.1 Phantoms
^ _
\phantom
\begin{equation*}
{}^{14}_{6}\text{C}
\qquad \text{versus} \qquad
{}^{14}_{\phantom{1}6}\text{C}
\end{equation*}
14
6
14
6
mhchem
3.8 Fiddling with the Math Fonts
$\Re \qquad
\mathcal{R} \qquad
\mathfrak{R} \qquad
\mathbb{R} \qquad $
ℜ R R R
amssymb amsfonts
\displaystyle 123 \textstyle 123 \scriptstyle 123
\scriptscriptstyle 123
\begin{equation*}
P = \frac{\displaystyle{
\sum_{i=1}^n (x_i- x)
(y_i- y)}}
{\displaystyle{\left[
\sum_{i=1}^n(x_i-x)^2
\sum_{i=1}^n(y_i- y)^2
\right]^{1/2}}}
\end{equation*}
P =
n
i=1
(x
i
− x)(y
i
− y)
n
i=1
(x
i
− x)
2
n
i=1
(y
i
− y)
2
1/2
3.9 Theorems, Lemmas, … 61
3.8.1 Bold Symbols
\mathbf
\boldmath this can only
be used outside math mode
$\mu, M \qquad
\mathbf{\mu}, \mathbf{M}$
\qquad \boldmath{$\mu, M$}
µ, M µ, M µ, M
amsbsy amsmath bm
tools \boldsymbol
$\mu, M \qquad
\boldsymbol{\mu}, \boldsymbol{M}$
µ, M µ, M
3.9 Theorems, Lemmas, …
\newtheorem{name}[counter]{text}[section]
name
text
counter
name
section
\newtheorem
\begin{name}[text]
\end{name}
amsthm A
M
S
\theoremstyle{style}
62 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae
definition plain
remark
\newtheorem
\theoremstyle{definition} \newtheorem{law}{Law}
\theoremstyle{plain} \newtheorem{jury}[law]{Jury}
\theoremstyle{remark} \newtheorem*{marg}{Margaret}
\begin{law} \label{law:box}
Don't hide in the witness box
\end{law}
\begin{jury}[The Twelve]
It could be you! So beware and
see law~\ref{law:box}.\end{jury}
\begin{jury}
You will disregard the last
statement.\end{jury}
\begin{marg}No, No, No\end{marg}
\begin{marg}Denis!\end{marg}
Law 1.
Jury 2 . It could be you! So
beware and see law 1.
Jury 3. You will disregard the last state-
ment.
Margaret.
Margaret.
\newtheorem{mur}{Murphy}[section]
\begin{mur} If there are two or
more ways to do something, and
one of those ways can result in
a catastrophe, then someone
will do it.\end{mur}
Murphy .
nthe-
orem
3.9.1 Proofs and End-of-Proof Symbol
amsthm proof
3.9 Theorems, Lemmas, … 63
\begin{proof}
Trivial, use
\begin{equation*}
E=mc^2.
\end{equation*}
\end{proof}
Proof.
E = mc
2
.
\qedhere
\begin{proof}
Trivial, use
\begin{equation*}
E=mc^2. \qedhere
\end{equation*}
\end{proof}
Proof.
E = mc
2
.
IEEEeqnarray
\begin{proof}
This is a proof that ends
with an equation array:
\begin{IEEEeqnarray*}{rCl}
a & = & b + c \\
& = & d + e. \qedhere
\end{IEEEeqnarray*}
\end{proof}
Proof.
a = b + c
= d + e.
IEEEeqnarray
IEEEeqnarray
\qedhere
outside
\begin{proof}
This is a proof that ends
with an equation array:
\begin{IEEEeqnarray*}{+rCl+x*}
a & = & b + c \\
& = & d + e. & \qedhere
\end{IEEEeqnarray*}
\end{proof}
Proof.
a = b + c
= d + e.
+ {+rCl+x*}
IEEEeqnarray
64 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae
after x
\qedhere
* IEEEeqnarray
+
\begin{proof}
This is a proof that ends
with a numbered equation:
\begin{equation}
a = b + c.
\end{equation}
\end{proof}
Proof.
a = b + c.
\begin{proof}
This is a proof that ends
with a numbered equation:
\begin{equation}
a = b + c. \qedhere
\end{equation}
\end{proof}
Proof.
a = b + c.
2
\begin{proof}
This is a proof that ends
with an equation array:
\begin{IEEEeqnarray}{+rCl+x*}
a & = & b + c \\
& = & d + e. \\
&&& \qedhere\nonumber
\end{IEEEeqnarray}
\end{proof}
Proof.
a = b + c
= d + e.
\begin{proof}
This is a proof that ends
with an equation array:
\begin{IEEEeqnarray}{rCl}
a & = & b + c \\
& = & d + e.
\end{IEEEeqnarray}
\end{proof}
Proof.
a = b + c
= d + e.
3.10 List of Mathematical Symbols 65
3.10 List of Mathematical Symbols
math mode
amssymb
A
M
S
CTAN:pkg/
amslatex
CTAN:info/symbols/comprehensive
ˆa \hat{a} ˇa \check{a} ˜a \tilde{a}
`a \grave{a} ˙a \dot{a} ¨a \ddot{a}
¯a \bar{a} a \vec{a}
AAA \widehat{AAA}
´a \acute{a} ˘a \breve{a}
AAA \widetilde{AAA}
˚a \mathring{a}
\Alpha \Beta
α \alpha θ \theta o o υ \upsilon
β \beta ϑ \vartheta π \pi φ \phi
γ \gamma ι \iota \varpi ϕ \varphi
δ \delta κ \kappa ρ \rho χ \chi
\epsilon λ \lambda \varrho ψ \psi
ε \varepsilon µ \mu σ \sigma ω \omega
ζ \zeta ν \nu ς \varsigma
η \eta ξ \xi τ \tau
Γ \Gamma Λ \Lambda Σ \Sigma Ψ \Psi
∆ \Delta Ξ \Xi Υ \Upsilon Ω \Omega
Θ \Theta Π \Pi Φ \Phi
symbols.tex
66 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae
\not
< < > > = =
≤ \leq \le ≥ \geq \ge ≡ \equiv
≪ \ll ≫ \gg
.
= \doteq
≺ \prec ≻ \succ ∼ \sim
⪯ \preceq ⪰ \succeq ≃ \simeq
⊂ \subset ⊃ \supset ≈ \approx
⊆ \subseteq ⊇ \supseteq
∼
=
\cong
⊏ \sqsubset
a
⊐ \sqsupset
a
1 \Join
a
⊑ \sqsubseteq ⊒ \sqsupseteq \bowtie
∈ \in ∋ \ni \owns ∝ \propto
⊢ \vdash ⊣ \dashv |= \models
| \mid ∥ \parallel ⊥ \perp
\smile \frown ≍ \asymp
: : /∈ \notin ̸= \neq \ne
a
latexsym
+ + − -
± \pm ∓ \mp \triangleleft
· \cdot ÷ \div \triangleright
× \times \ \setminus \star
∪ \cup ∩ \cap ∗ \ast
⊔ \sqcup ⊓ \sqcap ◦ \circ
∨ \vee \lor ∧ \wedge \land • \bullet
⊕ \oplus ⊖ \ominus ⋄ \diamond
⊙ \odot ⊘ \oslash ⊎ \uplus
⊗ \otimes ⃝ \bigcirc ⨿ \amalg
△ \bigtriangleup ▽ \bigtriangledown † \dagger
\lhd
a
\rhd
a
‡ \ddagger
\unlhd
a
\unrhd
a
≀ \wr
3.10 List of Mathematical Symbols 67
\sum
\bigcup
\bigvee
\prod
\bigcap
\bigwedge
\coprod
\bigsqcup
\biguplus
\int
\oint
\bigodot
\bigoplus
\bigotimes
← \leftarrow \gets ←− \longleftarrow
→ \rightarrow \to −→ \longrightarrow
↔ \leftrightarrow ←→ \longleftrightarrow
⇐ \Leftarrow ⇐= \Longleftarrow
⇒ \Rightarrow =⇒ \Longrightarrow
⇔ \Leftrightarrow ⇐⇒ \Longleftrightarrow
7→ \mapsto 7−→ \longmapsto
← \hookleftarrow → \hookrightarrow
\leftharpoonup \rightharpoonup
\leftharpoondown \rightharpoondown
⇌ \rightleftharpoons ⇐⇒ \iff
↑ \uparrow ↓ \downarrow
↕ \updownarrow ⇑ \Uparrow
⇓ \Downarrow ⇕ \Updownarrow
↗ \nearrow ↘ \searrow
↙ \swarrow ↖ \nwarrow
; \leadsto
a
a
latexsym
−−→
AB \overrightarrow{AB} AB
−−→
\underrightarrow{AB}
←−−
AB \overleftarrow{AB} AB
←−−
\underleftarrow{AB}
←→
AB \overleftrightarrow{AB} AB
←→
\underleftrightarrow{AB}
68 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae
( ( ) ) ↑ \uparrow
[ [ \lbrack ] ] \rbrack ↓ \downarrow
{ \{ \lbrace } \} \rbrace ↕ \updownarrow
⟨ \langle ⟩ \rangle ⇑ \Uparrow
| | \vert ∥ \| \Vert ⇓ \Downarrow
/ / \ \backslash ⇕ \Updownarrow
⌊ \lfloor ⌋ \rfloor
⌉ \rceil ⌈ \lceil
\lgroup
\rgroup
\lmoustache
\arrowvert
\Arrowvert
\bracevert
\rmoustache
. . . \dots ··· \cdots
\vdots
\ddots
\hbar ı \imath \jmath \ell
ℜ \Re ℑ \Im ℵ \aleph ℘ \wp
∀ \forall ∃ \exists \mho
a
∂ \partial
′
' ′ \prime ∅ \emptyset ∞ \infty
∇ \nabla △ \triangle 2 \Box
a
3 \Diamond
a
⊥ \bot ⊤ \top ∠ \angle
√
\surd
♢ \diamondsuit ♡ \heartsuit ♣ \clubsuit ♠ \spadesuit
¬ \neg \lnot \flat \natural \sharp
a
latexsym
\dag \S \copyright \textregistered
\ddag \P \pounds \%
3.10 List of Mathematical Symbols 69
A
M
S
⌜ \ulcorner ⌝ \urcorner ⌞ \llcorner ⌟ \lrcorner
| \lvert | \rvert ∥ \lVert ∥ \rVert
A
M
S
\digamma κ \varkappa \beth ג \gimel \daleth
\mathrm{ABCDE abcde 1234}
ABCDEabcde1234 \mathit{ABCDE abcde 1234}
ABCDEabcde \mathnormal{ABCDE abcde 1234}
ABCDE \mathcal{ABCDE abcde 1234}
A BC D E \mathscr{ABCDE abcde 1234} mathrsfs
ABCDEabcde1234 \mathfrak{ABCDE abcde 1234} amsfonts amssymb
ABCDE \mathbb{ABCDE abcde 1234} amsfonts amssymb
A
M
S
∔ \dotplus \centerdot
\ltimes \rtimes \divideontimes
⋓ \doublecup ⋒ \doublecap \smallsetminus
⊻ \veebar ⊼ \barwedge ⩞ \doublebarwedge
⊞ \boxplus ⊟ \boxminus ⊖ \circleddash
⊠ \boxtimes ⊡ \boxdot ⊚ \circledcirc
⊺ \intercal ⊛ \circledast ⋌ \rightthreetimes
⋎ \curlyvee ⋏ \curlywedge ⋋ \leftthreetimes
70 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae
A
M
S
\lessdot \gtrdot ≑ \doteqdot
⩽ \leqslant ⩾ \geqslant ≓ \risingdotseq
⪕ \eqslantless ⪖ \eqslantgtr ≒ \fallingdotseq
≦ \leqq ≧ \geqq ≖ \eqcirc
≪ \lll \llless ≫ \ggg ⊜ \circeq
≲ \lesssim ≳ \gtrsim ≜ \triangleq
⪅ \lessapprox ⪆ \gtrapprox ≏ \bumpeq
≶ \lessgtr ≷ \gtrless ≎ \Bumpeq
⋚ \lesseqgtr ⋛ \gtreqless ∼ \thicksim
⪋ \lesseqqgtr ⪌ \gtreqqless ≈ \thickapprox
≼ \preccurlyeq ≽ \succcurlyeq \approxeq
⋞ \curlyeqprec ⋟ \curlyeqsucc ∽ \backsim
≾ \precsim ≿ \succsim ⋍ \backsimeq
\precapprox \succapprox ⊨ \vDash
⫅ \subseteqq ⫆ \supseteqq ⊩ \Vdash
\shortparallel ⋑ \Supset ⊪ \Vvdash
◀ \blacktriangleleft ⊐ \sqsupset \backepsilon
▷ \vartriangleright ∵ \because ∝ \varpropto
▶ \blacktriangleright ⋐ \Subset ≬ \between
⊵ \trianglerighteq ⌢ \smallfrown ⋔ \pitchfork
◁ \vartriangleleft \shortmid ⌣ \smallsmile
⊴ \trianglelefteq ∴ \therefore ⊏ \sqsubset
3.10 List of Mathematical Symbols 71
A
M
S
L99 \dashleftarrow 99K \dashrightarrow
⇔ \leftleftarrows ⇒ \rightrightarrows
⇆ \leftrightarrows ⇄ \rightleftarrows
⇚ \Lleftarrow ⇛ \Rrightarrow
↞ \twoheadleftarrow ↠ \twoheadrightarrow
↢ \leftarrowtail ↣ \rightarrowtail
⇋ \leftrightharpoons ⇌ \rightleftharpoons
↰ \Lsh ↱ \Rsh
↫ \looparrowleft ↬ \looparrowright
\curvearrowleft \curvearrowright
⟲ \circlearrowleft ⟳ \circlearrowright
⊸ \multimap ⇈ \upuparrows
⇊ \downdownarrows ↿ \upharpoonleft
↾ \upharpoonright ⇂ \downharpoonright
⇝ \rightsquigarrow ↭ \leftrightsquigarrow
72 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae
A
M
S
≮ \nless ≯ \ngtr \varsubsetneqq
\lneq \gneq \varsupsetneqq
\nleq \ngeq \nsubseteqq
\nleqslant \ngeqslant \nsupseteqq
\lneqq \gneqq \nmid
\lvertneqq \gvertneqq ∦ \nparallel
\nleqq \ngeqq \nshortmid
\lnsim \gnsim \nshortparallel
\lnapprox \gnapprox \nsim
⊀ \nprec \nsucc \ncong
\npreceq \nsucceq \nvdash
\precneqq \succneqq \nvDash
\precnsim \succnsim \nVdash
\precnapprox \succnapprox \nVDash
\subsetneq \supsetneq \ntriangleleft
\varsubsetneq \varsupsetneq \ntriangleright
\nsubseteq \nsupseteq \ntrianglelefteq
\subsetneqq \supsetneqq \ntrianglerighteq
\nleftarrow \nrightarrow \nleftrightarrow
\nLeftarrow \nRightarrow \nLeftrightarrow
A
M
S
\hbar \hslash k \Bbbk
□ \square ■ \blacksquare Ⓢ \circledS
△ \vartriangle ▲ \blacktriangle ∁ \complement
▽ \triangledown ▼ \blacktriangledown \Game
♢ \lozenge ♦ \blacklozenge ⋆ \bigstar
∠ \angle ∡ \measuredangle
\diagup \diagdown ‵ \backprime
\nexists \Finv ∅ \varnothing
ð \eth ∢ \sphericalangle \mho
Chapter 4
Specialities
When putting together a large document, L
A
T
E
X will help with some special
features like index generation, bibliography management, and other things. A
much more complete description of specialities and enhancements possible with
L
A
T
E
X can be found in the L
A
T
E
X Manual and The L
A
T
E
X Companion .
4.1 Bibliography
thebibliography
\bibitem[label]{marker}
marker
\cite{marker}
label
\begin{thebibliography}
{99}
74 Specialities
Partl~\cite{pa} has
proposed that \ldots
\begin{thebibliography}{99}
\bibitem{pa} H.~Partl:
\emph{German \TeX},
TUGboat Volume~9, Issue~1 (1988)
\end{thebibliography}
Bibliography
German T
E
X
4.2 Indexing
makeindex
The L
A
T
E
X Companion
makeidx
\usepackage{makeidx}
\makeindex
makeidx
4.2 Indexing 75
Example Index Entry Comment
\index{hello}
\index{hello!Peter}
\index{Sam@\textsl{Sam}} Sam
\index{Lin@\textbf{Lin}} Lin
\index{Kaese@K\"ase} Käse
\index{ecole@\'ecole}
\index{Jenny|textbf} 3
\index{Joe|textit} 5
\index{keyformatted_entry}
formatted_entry key
formatted_entry key
\index
.idx .idx
makeindex
makeindex filename
makeindex
.ind
\printindex
showidx
ε
\index
76 Specialities
My Word \index{Word}. As opposed
to Word\index{Word}. Note the
position of the full stop.
makeindex
@
4.3 Fancy Headers
fancyhdr
\documentclass{book}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
% with this we ensure that the chapter and section
% headings are in lowercase.
\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{%
\markboth{#1}{}}
\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{%
\markright{\thesection\ #1}}
\fancyhf{} % delete current header and footer
\fancyhead[LE,RO]{\bfseries\thepage}
\fancyhead[LO]{\bfseries\rightmark}
\fancyhead[RE]{\bfseries\leftmark}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0.5pt}
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}
\addtolength{\headheight}{0.5pt} % space for the rule
\fancypagestyle{plain}{%
\fancyhead{} % get rid of headers on plain pages
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % and the line
}
fancyhdr
\rightmark \leftmark
CTAN://macros/latex/contrib/supported/fancyhdr
4.4 The Verbatim Package 77
\chapter
\rightmark \leftmark
\chaptermark \sectionmark \subsectionmark
\rightmark \leftmark
\chaptermark
fancyhdr
4.4 The Verbatim Package
verbatim environment
verbatim package verbatim
verbatim
verbatim
verbatim
verbatim
\verbatiminput{filename}
verbatim
verbatim
4.5 Installing Extra Packages
http://www.ctan.org/
geometry hyphenat
.ins
.dtx readme.txt
78 Specialities
.ins .sty
.sty
…/localtexmf/tex/latex
texhash
maktexlsr
initexmf --update-fndb
.dtx
.dtx .pdf
.idx
makeindex -s gind.ist name
name
.dtx
.ps .pdf
.glo
makeindex -s gglo.ist -o name.gls name.glo
.dtx
4.6 L
A
T
E
X and PDF
<Daniel.Flipo@univ-lille1.fr>
\ref \pageref
4.6 L
A
T
E
X and PDF 79
(HyperText Markup
Language)
(Portable
Document Format)
4.6.1 Hypertext Links
hyperref
\usepackage{hyperref} last
hyperref
\usepackage{hyperref}
\hypersetup{options}
80 Specialities
bookmarks (=true,false)
unicode (=false,true)
pdftoolbar (=true,false)
pdfmenubar (=true,false)
pdffitwindow (=false,true)
pdftitle (={text}) Document
Info
pdfauthor (={text})
pdfnewwindow (=false,true)
colorlinks (=false,true) false
true
linkcolor (=red)
citecolor (=green)
filecolor (=magenta)
urlcolor (=cyan)
\usepackage{hyperref}
=true
\usepackage[bookmarks,colorlinks]{hyperref}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\hypersetup{colorlinks=false}
4.6 L
A
T
E
X and PDF 81
\usepackage{hyperref}
\hypersetup{colorlinks,%
citecolor=black,%
filecolor=black,%
linkcolor=black,%
urlcolor=black,%
pdftex}
Document Info
\usepackage[pdfauthor={Pierre Desproges},%
pdftitle={Des femmes qui tombent},%
pdftex]{hyperref}
\href{url}{text}
The \href{http://www.ctan.org}{CTAN} website.
\href
The complete document is \href{manual.pdf}{here}
manual.pdf
\href \author
\author{Mary Oetiker $<$\href{mailto:mary@oetiker.ch}%
{mary@oetiker.ch}$>$
\href{mailto:mary@oetiker.ch}{Mary Oetiker}
82 Specialities
4.6.2 Problems with Links
! pdfTeX warning (ext4): destination with the same
identifier (name{page.1}) has been already used,
duplicate ignored
\mainmatter book
duplicate ignored
plainpages=false
hypertexnames=false
4.6.3 Problems with Bookmarks
Package hyperref Warning:
Token not allowed in a PDFDocEncoded string:
\texorpdfstring{T
E
X text}{Bookmark Text}
\section{\texorpdfstring{$E=mc^2$}%
{E = mc ** 2}}
\section{$E=mc^2$}
unicode
hyperref
\texorpdfstring
4.7 Working with X
Ǝ
L
A
T
E
X and PDF 83
4.7 Working with X
Ǝ
L
A
T
E
X and PDF
<A.Kielhorn@web.de>
http://wiki.xelatex.org/doku.php
4.7.1 The Fonts
tfm
Linux Libertine
\usepackage{fontspec}
\setmainfont[Ligatures=TeX]{Linux Libertine}
\textit \textbf
\newfontfamily\LLln[Numbers=Lining]{(font)}
\newfontfamily\LLos[Numbers=OldStyle]{(font)}
\newfontfamily\LLlnm[Numbers=Lining,Numbers=Monospaced]{(font)}
\newfontfamily\LLosm[Numbers=OldStyle,Numbers=Monospaced]{(font)}
\setmainfont[Ligatures=Rare]{(font)}
\setmainfont[Ligatures=Historic]{(font)}
\setmainfont[Ligatures=Historic,Ligatures=Rare]{(font)}
84 Specialities
\setmainfont[Language=Polish]{(font)}
\setmainfont[Contextuals=NoAlternate]{(font)}
fontspec
Where do I get OpenType fonts?
TeXLive .../texmf-dist/
fonts/opentype
DejaVu http://dejavu-fonts.org/
once
fontspec
Entering Unicode Characters
4.7.2 Compatibility Between X
Ǝ
L
A
T
E
X and pdfL
A
T
E
X
4.8 Creating Presentations 85
microtype
4.8 Creating Presentations
<Daniel.Flipo@univ-lille1.fr>
beamer
beamer graphicx color hyperref
prosper
ppower4
beamer
beamer
trans
handout
beamer
\documentclass[10pt,handout]{beamer}
beameruserguide.pdf
86 Specialities
\documentclass[10pt]{beamer}
\mode<beamer>{%
\usetheme[hideothersubsections,
right,width=22mm]{Goettingen}
}
\title{Simple Presentation}
\author[D. Flipo]{Daniel Flipo}
\institute{U.S.T.L. \& GUTenberg}
\titlegraphic{\includegraphics[width=20mm]{USTL}}
\date{2005}
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}<handout:0>
\titlepage
\end{frame}
\section{An Example}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Things to do on a Sunday Afternoon}
\begin{block}{One could \ldots}
\begin{itemize}
\item walk the dog\dots \pause
\item read a book\pause
\item confuse a cat\pause
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
and many other things
\end{frame}
\end{document}
beamer
4.8 Creating Presentations 87
\mode<beamer>
Goettingen
hideothersubsections
\mode<trans>
\mode<handout>
\title{} \author{} \institute{}
\titlegraphic{}
\title[]{} \author[]{}
Goettingen
\section{}
\subsection{} outside frame
frame
<
>
<handout:0>
\frametitle{}
block
\section{} \subsection{}
\pause
\only \uncover \alt \temporal
beameruserguide.pdf
Chapter 5
Producing Mathematical
Graphics
Most people use L
A
T
E
X for typesetting their text. And since the structure ori-
ented approach to authoring is so convenient, L
A
T
E
X also offers a, if somewhat
restricted, means for producing graphical output from textual descriptions. Fur-
thermore, quite a number of L
A
T
E
X extensions have been created in order to
overcome these restrictions. In this section, you will learn about a few of them.
5.1 Overview
picture
L
A
T
E
X Manual picture
ε
\qbezier q
\qbezier
picture
beamer pgf
tikz
90 Producing Mathematical Graphics
The
L
A
T
E
X Graphics Companion
META
POST META
FONT METAPOST
METAFONT METAFONT
A User’s Manual for META-
POST
T
E
X Unbound
5.2 The picture Environment
<osurs@bluewin.ch>
5.2.1 Basic Commands
picture
\begin{picture}(x, y)\end{picture}
\begin{picture}(x, y)(x
0
, y
0
)\end{picture}
x, y, x
0
, y
0
\unitlength
picture
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.2cm}
\unitlength 1pt (x, y)
(x
0
, y
0
)
ε
5.2 The picture Environment 91
\put(x, y){object}
\multiput(x, y)(∆x, ∆y){n}{object}
\qbezier(x
1
, y
1
)(x
2
, y
2
)(x
3
, y
3
)
5.2.2 Line Segments
\setlength{\unitlength}{5cm}
\begin{picture}(1,1)
\put(0,0){\line(0,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,0){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,2){.5}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,3){.3333}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,4){.25}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,5){.2}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,6){.1667}}
\put(0,0){\line(2,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(2,3){.6667}}
\put(0,0){\line(2,5){.4}}
\put(0,0){\line(3,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(3,2){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(3,4){.75}}
\put(0,0){\line(3,5){.6}}
\put(0,0){\line(4,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(4,3){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(4,5){.8}}
\put(0,0){\line(5,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(5,2){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(5,3){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(5,4){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(5,6){.8333}}
\put(0,0){\line(6,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(6,5){1}}
\end{picture}
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
92 Producing Mathematical Graphics
\put(x, y){\line(x
1
, y
1
){length}}
\line
−6, −5, . . . , 5, 6,
\unitlength
5.2.3 Arrows
\setlength{\unitlength}{0.75mm}
\begin{picture}(60,40)
\put(30,20){\vector(1,0){30}}
\put(30,20){\vector(4,1){20}}
\put(30,20){\vector(3,1){25}}
\put(30,20){\vector(2,1){30}}
\put(30,20){\vector(1,2){10}}
\thicklines
\put(30,20){\vector(-4,1){30}}
\put(30,20){\vector(-1,4){5}}
\thinlines
\put(30,20){\vector(-1,-1){5}}
\put(30,20){\vector(-1,-4){5}}
\end{picture}
-
:
1
*
X
X
X
X
X
X
Xy
C
C
C
C
CO
\put(x, y){\vector(x
1
, y
1
){length}}
−4, −3, . . . , 3, 4.
\thicklines
5.2 The picture Environment 93
5.2.4 Circles
\setlength{\unitlength}{1mm}
\begin{picture}(60, 40)
\put(20,30){\circle{1}}
\put(20,30){\circle{2}}
\put(20,30){\circle{4}}
\put(20,30){\circle{8}}
\put(20,30){\circle{16}}
\put(20,30){\circle{32}}
\put(40,30){\circle{1}}
\put(40,30){\circle{2}}
\put(40,30){\circle{3}}
\put(40,30){\circle{4}}
\put(40,30){\circle{5}}
\put(40,30){\circle{6}}
\put(40,30){\circle{7}}
\put(40,30){\circle{8}}
\put(40,30){\circle{9}}
\put(40,30){\circle{10}}
\put(40,30){\circle{11}}
\put(40,30){\circle{12}}
\put(40,30){\circle{13}}
\put(40,30){\circle{14}}
\put(15,10){\circle*{1}}
\put(20,10){\circle*{2}}
\put(25,10){\circle*{3}}
\put(30,10){\circle*{4}}
\put(35,10){\circle*{5}}
\end{picture}
bej
&%
'$
&%
'$
behjm
"!
#
"!
#
&%
'$
r u x z}
\put(x, y){\circle{diameter}}
(x, y) diameter
picture
\circle*
eepic pstricks
The L
A
T
E
X Graphics Companion
picture
Graphics in L
A
T
E
X 2
ε
94 Producing Mathematical Graphics
5.2.5 Text and Formulas
\setlength{\unitlength}{0.8cm}
\begin{picture}(6,5)
\thicklines
\put(1,0.5){\line(2,1){3}}
\put(4,2){\line(-2,1){2}}
\put(2,3){\line(-2,-5){1}}
\put(0.7,0.3){$A$}
\put(4.05,1.9){$B$}
\put(1.7,2.95){$C$}
\put(3.1,2.5){$a$}
\put(1.3,1.7){$b$}
\put(2.5,1.05){$c$}
\put(0.3,4){$F=
\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}$}
\put(3.5,0.4){$\displaystyle
s:=\frac{a+b+c}{2}$}
\end{picture}
H
H
H
H
H
A
B
C
a
b
c
F =
s(s − a)(s − b)(s −c)
s :=
a + b + c
2
picture
\put
5.2.6 \multiput and \linethickness
\setlength{\unitlength}{2mm}
\begin{picture}(30,20)
\linethickness{0.075mm}
\multiput(0,0)(1,0){26}%
{\line(0,1){20}}
\multiput(0,0)(0,1){21}%
{\line(1,0){25}}
\linethickness{0.15mm}
\multiput(0,0)(5,0){6}%
{\line(0,1){20}}
\multiput(0,0)(0,5){5}%
{\line(1,0){25}}
\linethickness{0.3mm}
\multiput(5,0)(10,0){2}%
{\line(0,1){20}}
\multiput(0,5)(0,10){2}%
{\line(1,0){25}}
\end{picture}
\multiput(x, y)(∆x, ∆y){n}{object}
5.2 The picture Environment 95
\linethickness
5.2.7 Ovals
\setlength{\unitlength}{0.75cm}
\begin{picture}(6,4)
\linethickness{0.075mm}
\multiput(0,0)(1,0){7}%
{\line(0,1){4}}
\multiput(0,0)(0,1){5}%
{\line(1,0){6}}
\thicklines
\put(2,3){\oval(3,1.8)}
\thinlines
\put(3,2){\oval(3,1.8)}
\thicklines
\put(2,1){\oval(3,1.8)[tl]}
\put(4,1){\oval(3,1.8)[b]}
\put(4,3){\oval(3,1.8)[r]}
\put(3,1.5){\oval(1.8,0.4)}
\end{picture}
#
"
!
#
"
!
#
" !
!
\put(x, y){\oval(w, h)}
\put(x, y){\oval(w, h)[position]}
(x, y) w h
position b t l r
\linethickness{length} \thinlines \thicklines
\linethickness{length}
\thinlines \thicklines
96 Producing Mathematical Graphics
5.2.8 Multiple Use of Predefined Picture Boxes
\setlength{\unitlength}{0.5mm}
\begin{picture}(120,168)
\newsavebox{\foldera}
\savebox{\foldera}
(40,32)[bl]{% definition
\multiput(0,0)(0,28){2}
{\line(1,0){40}}
\multiput(0,0)(40,0){2}
{\line(0,1){28}}
\put(1,28){\oval(2,2)[tl]}
\put(1,29){\line(1,0){5}}
\put(9,29){\oval(6,6)[tl]}
\put(9,32){\line(1,0){8}}
\put(17,29){\oval(6,6)[tr]}
\put(20,29){\line(1,0){19}}
\put(39,28){\oval(2,2)[tr]}
}
\newsavebox{\folderb}
\savebox{\folderb}
(40,32)[l]{% definition
\put(0,14){\line(1,0){8}}
\put(8,0){\usebox{\foldera}}
}
\put(34,26){\line(0,1){102}}
\put(14,128){\usebox{\foldera}}
\multiput(34,86)(0,-37){3}
{\usebox{\folderb}}
\end{picture}
declared
\newsavebox{name}
defined
\savebox{name}(width,height)[position]{content}
drawn
\put(x, y){\usebox{name}}
position
bl
t r
5.2 The picture Environment 97
name
\foldera
\folderb
\oval \line
5.2.9 Quadratic Bézier Curves
\setlength{\unitlength}{0.8cm}
\begin{picture}(6,4)
\linethickness{0.075mm}
\multiput(0,0)(1,0){7}
{\line(0,1){4}}
\multiput(0,0)(0,1){5}
{\line(1,0){6}}
\thicklines
\put(0.5,0.5){\line(1,5){0.5}}
\put(1,3){\line(4,1){2}}
\qbezier(0.5,0.5)(1,3)(3,3.5)
\thinlines
\put(2.5,2){\line(2,-1){3}}
\put(5.5,0.5){\line(-1,5){0.5}}
\linethickness{1mm}
\qbezier(2.5,2)(5.5,0.5)(5,3)
\thinlines
\qbezier(4,2)(4,3)(3,3)
\qbezier(3,3)(2,3)(2,2)
\qbezier(2,2)(2,1)(3,1)
\qbezier(3,1)(4,1)(4,2)
\end{picture}
H
H
H
H
H
H
HD
D
D
D
D
D
\linethickness
\thinlines \thicklines
P
1
= (x
1
, y
1
), P
2
= (x
2
, y
2
) m
1
, m
2
S = (x, y)
rclx =
m
2
x
2
− m
1
x
1
− (y
2
− y
1
)
m
2
− m
1
,
y = y
i
+ m
i
(x −x
i
) (i = 1, 2).
Graphics in L
A
T
E
X 2
ε
\qbezier
98 Producing Mathematical Graphics
5.2.10 Catenary
\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
\begin{picture}(4.3,3.6)(-2.5,-0.25)
\put(-2,0){\vector(1,0){4.4}}
\put(2.45,-.05){$x$}
\put(0,0){\vector(0,1){3.2}}
\put(0,3.35){\makebox(0,0){$y$}}
\qbezier(0.0,0.0)(1.2384,0.0)
(2.0,2.7622)
\qbezier(0.0,0.0)(-1.2384,0.0)
(-2.0,2.7622)
\linethickness{.075mm}
\multiput(-2,0)(1,0){5}
{\line(0,1){3}}
\multiput(-2,0)(0,1){4}
{\line(1,0){4}}
\linethickness{.2mm}
\put( .3,.12763){\line(1,0){.4}}
\put(.5,-.07237){\line(0,1){.4}}
\put(-.7,.12763){\line(1,0){.4}}
\put(-.5,-.07237){\line(0,1){.4}}
\put(.8,.54308){\line(1,0){.4}}
\put(1,.34308){\line(0,1){.4}}
\put(-1.2,.54308){\line(1,0){.4}}
\put(-1,.34308){\line(0,1){.4}}
\put(1.3,1.35241){\line(1,0){.4}}
\put(1.5,1.15241){\line(0,1){.4}}
\put(-1.7,1.35241){\line(1,0){.4}}
\put(-1.5,1.15241){\line(0,1){.4}}
\put(-2.5,-0.25){\circle*{0.2}}
\end{picture}
-
x
6
y
u
y = x − 1
(2, 2.7622) m = 3.6269
(1.2384, 0) (−1.2384, 0)
real
\begin{picture}
\begin{picture}(4.3,3.6)(-2.5,-0.25)
(−2.5, −0.25)
5.3 The PGF and TikZ Graphics Packages 99
5.2.11 Rapidity in the Special Theory of Relativity
\setlength{\unitlength}{0.8cm}
\begin{picture}(6,4)(-3,-2)
\put(-2.5,0){\vector(1,0){5}}
\put(2.7,-0.1){$\chi$}
\put(0,-1.5){\vector(0,1){3}}
\multiput(-2.5,1)(0.4,0){13}
{\line(1,0){0.2}}
\multiput(-2.5,-1)(0.4,0){13}
{\line(1,0){0.2}}
\put(0.2,1.4)
{$\beta=v/c=\tanh\chi$}
\qbezier(0,0)(0.8853,0.8853)
(2,0.9640)
\qbezier(0,0)(-0.8853,-0.8853)
(-2,-0.9640)
\put(-3,-2){\circle*{0.2}}
\end{picture}
-
χ
6
β = v/c = χ
t
P
1
= (0, 0), m
1
= 1
P
2
= (2, 2), m
2
= 1/
2
2
(−3, −2)
5.3 The PGF and TikZ Graphics Packages
pgf
pgf
pgf
tikz
tikzpicture
pgf
100 Producing Mathematical Graphics
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=3]
\clip (-0.1,-0.2)
rectangle (1.8,1.2);
\draw[step=.25cm,gray,very thin]
(-1.4,-1.4) grid (3.4,3.4);
\draw (-1.5,0) -- (2.5,0);
\draw (0,-1.5) -- (0,1.5);
\draw (0,0) circle (1cm);
\filldraw[fill=green!20!white,
draw=green!50!black]
(0,0) -- (3mm,0mm)
arc (0:30:3mm) -- cycle;
\end{tikzpicture}
;
\begin{tikzpicture}
\node[circle,draw,
minimum size=3cm,
label=120:{economics}]
at (0,0) {};
\node[circle,draw,
minimum size=3cm,
label=60:{psychology}]
at (1,0) {};
\node (i) at (0.5,-1) {};
\node at (0.6,-2.5)
{behavioral economics}
edge[->,thick,
out=60,in=-60] (i);
\end{tikzpicture}
5.3 The PGF and TikZ Graphics Packages 101
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.8]
\tikzstyle{v}=[circle, minimum size=2mm,inner sep=0pt,draw]
\foreach \i in {1,...,8}
\foreach \j in {1,...,3}
\node[v]
(G-\i-\j) at (\i,\j) {};
\foreach \i in {1,...,8}
\foreach \j/\o in {1/2,2/3}
\draw[->]
(G-\i-\j) -- (G-\i-\o);
\foreach \i/\n in
{1/2,2/3,3/4,4/5,5/6,6/7,7/8}
\foreach \j/\o in {1/2,2/3} {
\draw[->] (G-\i-\j) -- (G-\n-\o);
\draw[->] (G-\n-\j) -- (G-\i-\o);
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\usetikzlibrary
\usetikzlibrary{%
decorations.pathmorphing}
\begin{tikzpicture}[
decoration={bent,aspect=.3}]
\draw [decorate,fill=lightgray]
(0,0) rectangle (5.5,4);
\node[circle,draw]
(A) at (.5,.5) {A};
\node[circle,draw]
(B) at (5,3.5) {B};
\draw[->,decorate] (A) -- (B);
\draw[->,decorate] (B) -- (A);
\end{tikzpicture}
102 Producing Mathematical Graphics
\usetikzlibrary{positioning}
\begin{tikzpicture}[xscale=6,
yscale=8,>=stealth]
\tikzstyle{v}=[circle,
minimum size=1mm,draw,thick]
\node[v] (a) {$1$};
\node[v] (b) [right=of a] {$2$};
\node[v] (c) [below=of a] {$2$};
\node[v] (d) [below=of b] {$1$};
\draw[thick,->]
(a) to node {} (c);
\draw[thick,->]
(a) to node {} (d);
\draw[thick,->]
(b) to node {} (d);
\end{tikzpicture}
1 2
2 1
pgf
+
unsigned integer
.
digit
E
unsigned integer
-
pgfplot
gnuplot
http://www.texample.net/tikz/
Chapter 6
Customising L
A
T
E
X
Documents produced with the commands you have learned up to this point will
look acceptable to a large audience. While they are not fancy-looking, they
obey all the established rules of good typesetting, which will make them easy
to read and pleasant to look at.
However, there are situations where L
A
T
E
X does not provide a command or
environment that matches your needs, or the output produced by some existing
command may not meet your requirements.
In this chapter, I will try to give some hints on how to teach L
A
T
E
X new tricks
and how to make it produce output that looks different from what is provided
by default.
6.1 New Commands, Environments and
Packages
\begin{lscommand}
\ci{dum}
\end{lscommand}
\dum
lscommand
\ci
104 Customising L
A
T
E
X
\dum
\dum \dum
lscommand
6.1.1 New Commands
\newcommand{name}[num]{definition}
name
definition
num
\tnss
ε
\newcommand{\tnss}{The not
so Short Introduction to
\LaTeXe}
This is ``\tnss'' \ldots{}
``\tnss''
ε
ε
#1
#2
\newcommand{\txsit}[2]
{This is the \emph{#1}
#2 Introduction to \LaTeXe}
% in the document body:
\begin{itemize}
\item \txsit{not so}{short}
\item \txsit{very}{long}
\end{itemize}
not so
ε
very
ε
\renewcommand \newcommand
6.1 New Commands, Environments and Packages 105
\providecommand
\newcommand
ε
6.1.2 New Environments
\newcommand
\newenvironment
\newenvironment{name}[num]{before}{after}
\newenvironment
before
after
\end{name}
\newenvironment
\newenvironment{king}
{\rule{1ex}{1ex}%
\hspace{\stretch{1}}}
{\hspace{\stretch{1}}%
\rule{1ex}{1ex}}
\begin{king}
My humble subjects \ldots
\end{king}
num \newcommand
\renewenvironment \newenvironment
\rule \stretch
\hspace
6.1.3 Extra Space
\ignorespaces
106 Customising L
A
T
E
X
\ignorespacesafterend
\ignorespaces
\newenvironment{simple}%
{\noindent}%
{\par\noindent}
\begin{simple}
See the space\\to the left.
\end{simple}
Same\\here.
\newenvironment{correct}%
{\noindent\ignorespaces}%
{\par\noindent%
\ignorespacesafterend}
\begin{correct}
No space\\to the left.
\end{correct}
Same\\here.
6.1.4 Command-line L
A
T
E
X
\usepackage{ifthen}
\ifthenelse{\equal{\blackandwhite}{true}}{
% "black and white" mode; do something..
}{
% "color" mode; do something different..
}
latex '\newcommand{\blackandwhite}{true}\input{test.tex}'
\blackandwhite
\blackandwhite
6.2 Fonts and Sizes 107
6.1.5 Your Own Package
\usepackage
% Demo Package by Tobias Oetiker
\ProvidesPackage{demopack}
\newcommand{\tnss}{The not so Short Introduction
to \LaTeXe}
\newcommand{\txsit}[1]{The \emph{#1} Short
Introduction to \LaTeXe}
\newenvironment{king}{\begin{quote}}{\end{quote}}
.sty
\ProvidesPackage{package name}
\ProvidesPackage
6.2 Fonts and Sizes
6.2.1 Font Changing Commands
{\small The small and
\textbf{bold} Romans ruled}
{\Large all of great big
\textit{Italy}.}
bold
Italy
108 Customising L
A
T
E
X
ε
math mode commands math
mode
groups
He likes {\LARGE large and
{\small small} letters}.
}
\textrm{...} \textsf{...} sans serif
\texttt{...} typewriter
\textmd{...} \textbf{...} bold face
\textup{...} \textit{...} italic
\textsl{...} slanted \textsc{...}
\emph{...} emphasized \textnormal{...}
\tiny
\scriptsize
\footnotesize
\small
\normalsize
\large
\Large
\LARGE
\huge
\Huge
6.2 Fonts and Sizes 109
\tiny
\scriptsize
\footnotesize
\small
\normalsize
\large
\Large
\LARGE
\huge
\Huge
\mathrm{...}
\mathbf{...} Boldface Font
\mathsf{...} Sans Serif Font
\mathtt{...} Typewriter Font
\mathit{...} Italic Font
\mathcal{...} CALLIGRAPHIC FONT
\mathnormal{...} Normal F ont
110 Customising L
A
T
E
X
\par
{\Large Don't read this!
It is not true.
You can believe me!\par}
{\Large This is not true either.
But remember I am a liar.}\par
\begin{Large}
This is not true.
But then again, what is these
days \ldots
\end{Large}
6.2.2 Danger, Will Robinson, Danger
\newcommand
\newcommand{\oops}[1]{%
\textbf{#1}}
Do not \oops{enter} this room,
it's occupied by \oops{machines}
of unknown origin and purpose.
enter
machines
\textbf
\textbf
\par
6.3 Spacing 111
emphasize
font \emph
\textit{You can also
\emph{emphasize} text if
it is set in italics,}
\textsf{in a
\emph{sans-serif} font,}
\texttt{or in
\emph{typewriter} style.}
You can also emphasize text if it is set in
italics, in a sans-serif font, or in type-
writer style.
6.2.3 Advice
Remember! The MO RE in document the
beautiful it becomes
6.3 Spacing
6.3.1 Line Spacing
\linespread{factor}
\linespread{1.3}
\linespread{1.6}
\linespread
112 Customising L
A
T
E
X
\setlength{\baselineskip}{1.5\baselineskip}
{\setlength{\baselineskip}%
{1.5\baselineskip}
This paragraph is typeset with
the baseline skip set to 1.5 of
what it was before. Note the par
command at the end of the
paragraph.\par}
This paragraph has a clear
purpose, it shows that after the
curly brace has been closed,
everything is back to normal.
6.3.2 Paragraph Formatting
\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
\setlength{\parskip}{1ex plus 0.5ex minus 0.2ex}
plus minus
\tableofcontents
\indent
indentfirst
6.3 Spacing 113
\parindent
\noindent
6.3.3 Horizontal Space
\hspace{length}
\hspace* \hspace length
This\hspace{1.5cm}is a space
of 1.5 cm.
\stretch{n}
\hspace{\stretch{n}}
x\hspace{\stretch{1}}
x\hspace{\stretch{3}}x
em
ex
{\Large{}big\hspace{1em}y}\\
{\tiny{}tin\hspace{1em}y}
114 Customising L
A
T
E
X
mm ≈ 1/25
cm
in =
pt ≈ 1/72 ≈
1
3
em
ex
6.3.4 Vertical Space
between two
paragraphs
\vspace{length}
\vspace* \vspace
\stretch \pagebreak
Some text \ldots
\vspace{\stretch{1}}
This goes onto the last line of the page.\pagebreak
the same
\\[length]
\bigskip \smallskip
6.4 Page Layout
ε
\documentclass
6.4 Page Layout 115
i
-
i
?
6
i
-
-i
i
-
- i
6
?
i
i
?
6
i
6
?
i
6
?
i
6
?
1 one inch + \hoffset 2 one inch + \voffset
3 \oddsidemargin = 22pt 4 \topmargin = 22pt
or \evensidemargin
5 \headheight = 12pt 6 \headsep = 19pt
7 \textheight = 595pt 8 \textwidth = 360pt
9 \marginparsep = 7pt 10 \marginparwidth = 106pt
11 \footskip = 27pt \marginparpush = 5pt (not shown)
\hoffset = 0pt \voffset = 0pt
\paperwidth = 597pt \paperheight = 845pt
layouts
116 Customising L
A
T
E
X
layout
WAIT!
\setlength{parameter}{length}
\addtolength{parameter}{length}
\setlength
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-0.5cm}
\addtolength{\textwidth}{1cm}
calc
\setlength
pkg/tools
6.5 More Fun With Lengths 117
6.5 More Fun With Lengths
\textwidth
\settoheight{variable}{text}
\settodepth{variable}{text}
\settowidth{variable}{text}
\flushleft
\newenvironment{vardesc}[1]{%
\settowidth{\parindent}{#1:\ }
\makebox[0pt][r]{#1:\ }}{}
\begin{displaymath}
a^2+b^2=c^2
\end{displaymath}
\begin{vardesc}{Where}$a$,
$b$ -- are adjacent to the right
angle of a right-angled triangle.
$c$ -- is the hypotenuse of
the triangle and feels lonely.
$d$ -- finally does not show up
here at all. Isn't that puzzling?
\end{vardesc}
a
2
+ b
2
= c
2
a b
c
d
6.6 Boxes
118 Customising L
A
T
E
X
tabular \includegraphics
\parbox[pos]{width}{text}
\begin{minipage}[pos]{width} \end{minipage}
pos c, t b
width
minipage \parbox
parbox
minipage
\parbox
\mbox
\makebox[width][pos]{text}
width
\width \height \depth
\totalheight
text pos
c l r s
\framebox \makebox
\makebox \framebox
6.7 Rules 119
\makebox[\textwidth]{%
c e n t r a l}\par
\makebox[\textwidth][s]{%
s p r e a d}\par
\framebox[1.1\width]{Guess I'm
framed now!} \par
\framebox[0.8\width][r]{Bummer,
I am too wide} \par
\framebox[1cm][l]{never
mind, so am I}
Can you read this?
\raisebox{lift}[extend-above-baseline][extend-below-baseline]{text}
\width \height \depth \totalheight
text
\raisebox{0pt}[0pt][0pt]{\Large%
\textbf{Aaaa\raisebox{-0.3ex}{a}%
\raisebox{-0.7ex}{aa}%
\raisebox{-1.2ex}{r}%
\raisebox{-2.2ex}{g}%
\raisebox{-4.5ex}{h}}}
she shouted, but not even the next
one in line noticed that something
terrible had happened to her.
Aaaa
a
aa
r
g
h
6.7 Rules
\rule[lift]{width}{height}
\rule{3mm}{.1pt}%
\rule[-1mm]{5mm}{1cm}%
\rule{3mm}{.1pt}%
\rule[1mm]{1cm}{5mm}%
\rule{3mm}{.1pt}
120 Customising L
A
T
E
X
\rule
Appendix A
Installing L
A
T
E
X
Knuth published the source to T
E
X back in a time when nobody knew about
Open Source and/or Free Software. The License that comes with T
E
X lets you
do whatever you want with the source, but you can only call the result of your
work T
E
X if the program passes a set of tests Knuth has also provided. This has
lead to a situation where we have free T
E
X implementations for almost every
Operating System under the sun. This chapter will give some hints on what to
install on Linux, macOS and Windows, to get a working T
E
X setup.
A.1 What to Install
A.2 Cross Platform Editor
122 Installing L
A
T
E
X
http://www.xm1math.net/texmaker
http://texstudio.sourceforge.net/
A.3 T
E
X on macOS
A.3.1 T
E
X Distribution
http://www.tug.org/mactex/
A.3.2 macOS T
E
X Editor
http://www.uoregon.edu/~koch/texshop
http://texworks.
org/
A.3.3 Treat yourself to PDFView
http://pdfview.sourceforge.net/
automatically reload documents
A.4 T
E
X on Windows
A.4.1 Getting T
E
X
http://www.miktex.org/
A.5 T
E
X on Linux 123
http://www.tug.org/texlive/
A.4.2 A L
A
T
E
X editor
http://www.texniccenter.org/
http://
texworks.org/
A.4.3 Document Preview
http://blog.
kowalczyk.info/software/sumatrapdf/
A.4.4 Working with graphics
http://www.cs.wisc.
edu/~ghost/
http://gimp-win.sourceforge.net/
A.5 T
E
X on Linux
124 Installing L
A
T
E
X
Bibliography
L
A
T
E
X: A Document Preparation System
The T
E
Xbook, Computers and Type-
setting
The L
A
T
E
X Companion, (2nd Edition)
The L
A
T
E
X
Graphics Companion
L
A
T
E
X Local Guide
local.tex
L
A
T
E
X 2
ε
for authors
ε
usrguide.tex
L
A
T
E
X 2
ε
for Class and Package writers
ε
clsguide.tex
L
A
T
E
X 2
ε
Font selection
ε
fntguide.tex
Packages in the ‘graphics’ bundle
grfguide.tex
A New Implementation
of L
A
T
E
X’s verbatim Environments
126 BIBLIOGRAPHY
verbatim.dtx
Cyrillic
languages support in L
A
T
E
X
ε
cyrguide.tex
The TeX Catalogue
CTAN:
//help/Catalogue/catalogue.html
X
Y
-pic User’s Guide
A User’s Manual for METAPOST
http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/hobby/
T
E
X Unbound
Graphics in L
A
T
E
X 2
ε
picture
METAPOST - A Tutorial
http://www.ursoswald.ch
TikZ&PGF Manual CTAN://graphics/
pgf/base/doc/generic/pgf/pgfmanual.pdf
Polyglossia: A Babel Replacement for X
E
L
A
T
E
X
polyglossia.pdf
texdoc polyglossia
An ArabT
E
X-like interface for typesetting languages
in Arabic script with X
E
L
A
T
E
X
arabxetex.pdf texdoc arabxetex
The fontspec package
fontspec.pdf texdoc fontspec
The xgreek package
xgreek.pdf texdoc xgreek
The bidi package
bidi.pdf texdoc bidi
BIBLIOGRAPHY 127
The XePersian package
xepersian-doc.pdf texdoc xepersian
The xeCJK package
xeCJK.pdf texdoc xecjk
Index
Symbols
\!
"
$
\,
−
\-
\:
\;
\@
\[
\\
\\*
\]
~
A
abstract
\addtolength
align
\Alpha
amsbsy
amsfonts
amsmath
amssymb
amsthm
\and
\appendix
arabxetex
\arccos
\arcsin
\arctan
\arg
array
\arraystretch
\author
B
babel
\backmatter
\bar
beamer
\begin
\Beta
\bibitem
bidi
\Big
\big
\Bigg
\bigg
\bigskip
INDEX 129
\binom
block
bm
Bmatrix
bmatrix
\bmod
\boldmath
\boldsymbol
booktabs
C
calc
\caption
cases
\cdot
\cdots
center
\chapter
\chaptermark
\ci
\circle
\circle*
\cite
\cleardoublepage
\clearpage
\cline
color
\!
\,
\-
\:
\;
\@
\[
\\
\\*
\]
\addtolength
\Alpha
\and
\appendix
\arccos
\arcsin
\arctan
\arg
\arraystretch
\author
\backmatter
\bar
\begin
\Beta
\bibitem
\Big
\big
\Bigg
\bigg
\bigskip
\binom
\bmod
\boldmath
\boldsymbol
\caption
\cdot
\cdots
\chapter
\chaptermark
\ci
\circle
\circle*
\cite
\cleardoublepage
\clearpage
\cline
\cos
\cosh
130 INDEX
\cot
\coth
\csc
\date
\ddots
\DeclareMathOperator
\deg
\depth
\det
\dfrac
\dim
\displaystyle
\documentclass
\dum
\emph
\end
\eqref
\exp
\fbox
\foldera
\folderb
\footnote
\footskip
\frac
\framebox
\frenchspacing
\frontmatter
\fussy
\gcd
\hat
\headheight
\headsep
\height
\hline
\hom
\href
\hspace
\hyphenation
\idotsint
\IEEEeqnarraymulticol
\IEEEmulticol
\IEEEnonumber
\IEEEyesnumber
\IEEEyessubnumber
\ignorespaces
\ignorespacesafterend
\iiiint
\iiint
\iint
\include
\includegraphics
\includeonly
\indent
\index
\inf
\input
\int
\item
\ker
\label
\LaTeX
\LaTeXe
\ldots
\left
\lefteqn
\leftmark
\lg
\lim
\liminf
\limsup
\line
\linebreak
\linespread
\linethickness
\listoffigures
\listoftables
\ln
\log
\mainmatter
\makebox
\makeindex
\maketitle
\marginparpush
\marginparsep
\marginparwidth
\mathbb
\max
\mbox
INDEX 131
\min
\multicolumn
\multicolumns
\multiput
\negmedspace
\newcommand
\newenvironment
\newline
\newpage
\newsavebox
\newtheorem
\noindent
\nolinebreak
\nonumber
\nopagebreak
\not
\oddsidemargin
\oval
\overbrace
\overleftarrow
\overline
\overrightarrow
\pagebreak
\pageref
\pagestyle
\paperheight
\paperwidth
\par
\paragraph
\parbox
\parindent
\parskip
\part
\partial
\phantom
\pmod
\Pr
\printindex
\prod
\providecommand
\ProvidesPackage
\put
\qbezier
\qedhere
\qquad
\quad
\raisebox
\ref
\renewcommand
\renewenvironment
\right
\right.
\rightmark
\rule
\savebox
\scriptscriptstyle
\scriptstyle
\sec
\section
\sectionmark
\setlength
\settodepth
\settoheight
\settowidth
\sin
\sinh
\slash
\sloppy
\smallskip
\smash
\sqrt
\stackrel
\stretch
\subparagraph
\subsection
\subsectionmark
\substack
\subsubsection
\sum
\sup
\tabcolsep
\tableofcontents
\tag
\tan
\tanh
\TeX
\texorpdfstring
\textbackslash
132 INDEX
\textcelsius
\textdegree
\texteuro
\textheight
\textstyle
\textwidth
\tfrac
\theoremstyle
\thicklines
\thinlines
\thispagestyle
\title
\tnss
\today
\topmargin
\totalheight
\ud
\underbrace
\underline
\unitlength
\usebox
\usepackage
\usetikzlibrary
\vdots
\vec
\vector
\verb
\verbatiminput
\vspace
\widehat
\widetilde
\width
comment
\cos
\cosh
\cot
\coth
\csc
csquotes
D
\date
dcolumn
\ddots
\DeclareMathOperator
\deg
\depth
description
\det
\dfrac
\dim
displaymath
\displaystyle
doc
\documentclass
ȷ
\dum
E
eepic
\emph
empty
\end
enumerate
Bmatrix
INDEX 133
IEEEeqnarray
Vmatrix
abstract
align
array
block
bmatrix
cases
center
comment
description
displaymath
enumerate
eqnarray
equation*
equation
figure
flushleft
flushright
frame
itemize
lscommand
matrix
minipage
multline*
multline
parbox
picture
pmatrix
proof
quotation
quote
table
tabular
thebibliography
tikzpicture
verbatim
verse
vmatrix
eqnarray
\eqref
amsmath
equation
equation*
eurosym
\exp
exscale
.aux
.cls
.dtx
.dvi
.fd
.idx
.ilg
.ind
.ins
.lof
.log
.lot
.sty
.tex
.toc
F
fancyhdr
\fbox
figure
flushleft
flushright
\foldera
\folderb
\footnotesize
\Huge
\huge
\LARGE
\Large
\large
\mathbf
\mathcal
134 INDEX
\mathit
\mathnormal
\mathrm
\mathsf
\mathtt
\normalsize
\scriptsize
\small
\textbf
\textit
\textmd
\textnormal
\textrm
\textsc
\textsf
\textsl
\texttt
\textup
\tiny
fontenc
fontspec
\footnote
\footnotesize
\footskip
\frac
frame
\framebox
\frenchspacing
\frontmatter
\fussy
G
\gcd
geometry
graphicx
H
\hat
\headheight
\headsep
\height
\hline
\hom
\href
\hspace
\Huge
\huge
hyperref
hyphenat
\hyphenation
I
\idotsint
IEEEeqnarray
\IEEEeqnarraymulticol
\IEEEmulticol
\IEEEnonumber
IEEEtrantools
\IEEEyesnumber
\IEEEyessubnumber
ifthen
\ignorespaces
\ignorespacesafterend
\iiiint
\iiint
\iint
INDEX 135
\include
\includegraphics
\includeonly
\indent
indentfirst
\index
\inf
\input
inputenc
\int
\item
itemize
J
K
\ker
L
\label
\LARGE
\Large
\large
\LaTeX
\LaTeXe
latexsym
layout
layouts
\ldots
\left
\lefteqn
\leftmark
\lg
\lim
\liminf
\limsup
\line
\linebreak
\linespread
\linethickness
\listoffigures
\listoftables
\ln
\log
longtable
lscommand
M
\mainmatter
\makebox
makeidx
\makeindex
\maketitle
\marginparpush
\marginparsep
\marginparwidth
\mathbb
\mathbf
136 INDEX
\mathcal
\mathit
\mathnormal
\mathrm
mathrsfs
\mathsf
\mathtt
matrix
\max
\mbox
mhchem
microtype
\min
minipage
\multicolumn
\multicolumns
\multiput
multline
multline*
N
\negmedspace
\newcommand
\newenvironment
\newline
\newpage
\newsavebox
\newtheorem
\noindent
\nolinebreak
\nonumber
\nopagebreak
\normalsize
\not
ntheorem
O
\oddsidemargin
\oval
\overbrace
\overleftarrow
\overline
\overrightarrow
P
amsbsy
amsfonts
amsmath
amssymb
amsthm
arabxetex
babel
beamer
bidi
bm
booktabs
calc
color
csquotes
dcolumn
doc
eepic
eurosym
exscale
fancyhdr
fontenc
fontspec
geometry
graphicx
INDEX 137
hyperref
hyphenat
IEEEtrantools
ifthen
indentfirst
inputenc
latexsym
layout
layouts
longtable
makeidx
mathrsfs
mhchem
microtype
ntheorem
pgf
pgfplot
polyglossia
ppower4
prosper
pstricks
showidx
syntonly
textcomp
tikz
verbatim
xeCJK
xepersian
xgreek
empty
headings
plain
\pagebreak
\pageref
\pagestyle
\paperheight
\paperwidth
\par
\paragraph
\parbox
parbox
\parindent
\parskip
\part
\partial
pgf
pgfplot
\phantom
picture
plain
pmatrix
\pmod
polyglossia
ppower4
\Pr
\printindex
\prod
proof
prosper
\providecommand
\ProvidesPackage
pstricks
\put
Q
\qbezier
\qedhere
\qquad
138 INDEX
\quad
quotation
quote
R
\raisebox
\ref
\renewcommand
\renewenvironment
\right
\right.
\rightmark
\rule
S
\savebox
\scriptscriptstyle
\scriptsize
\scriptstyle
\sec
\section
\sectionmark
\setlength
\settodepth
\settoheight
\settowidth
showidx
\sin
\sinh
\slash
\sloppy
\small
\smallskip
\smash
\sqrt
\stackrel
\stretch
\subparagraph
\subsection
\subsectionmark
\substack
\subsubsection
\sum
\sup
syntonly
T
\tabcolsep
table
\tableofcontents
tabular
\tag
\tan
\tanh
\TeX
\texorpdfstring
\textbackslash
\textbf
\textcelsius
textcomp
INDEX 139
\textdegree
\texteuro
\textheight
\textit
\textmd
\textnormal
\textrm
\textsc
\textsf
\textsl
\textstyle
\texttt
\textup
\textwidth
\tfrac
thebibliography
\theoremstyle
\thicklines
\thinlines
\thispagestyle
tikz
tikzpicture
~
\tiny
\title
\tnss
\today
\topmargin
\totalheight
U
\ud
\underbrace
\underline
\unitlength
\usebox
\usepackage
\usetikzlibrary
V
\vdots
\vec
\vector
\verb
verbatim
verbatim
\verbatiminput
verse
Vmatrix
vmatrix
\vspace
W
\widehat
\widetilde
\width
X
xeCJK
xepersian
xgreek
